
今年美國(guó)制造業(yè)崗位減少了3.3萬(wàn)個(gè),但蒂姆·庫(kù)克堅(jiān)信自己已找到破局之策。
這位蘋果首席執(zhí)行官表示,公司近期宣布的6000億美元美國(guó)建廠投資計(jì)劃將引發(fā)“多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)”,推動(dòng)美國(guó)本土制造業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。
“我們難以做到覆蓋所有地區(qū)。盡管內(nèi)心十分渴望達(dá)成這一目標(biāo),但未來(lái)四年我們會(huì)投入6000億美元來(lái)推進(jìn)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃,”庫(kù)克周一接受美國(guó)消費(fèi)者新聞與商業(yè)頻道(CNBC)主持人吉姆·克萊默(Jim Cramer)的電視采訪時(shí)表示,“這是一項(xiàng)非同尋常的承諾。”
庫(kù)克暗示,蘋果未來(lái)四年在美國(guó)建造79家工廠的“非同尋常的承諾”,將吸引更多企業(yè)入駐工廠所在社區(qū)。
“這就是連鎖效應(yīng),”庫(kù)克表示,“會(huì)有更多企業(yè)跟進(jìn),這本質(zhì)上就是多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)。”
自2007年iPhone問(wèn)世以來(lái),蘋果一直在美國(guó)境外生產(chǎn)該產(chǎn)品,其中絕大多數(shù)組裝工作在中國(guó)富士康(Foxconn)的大型工廠完成。這家中國(guó)臺(tái)灣跨國(guó)電子代工廠僅在位于鄭州的工廠就雇傭了約35萬(wàn)名工人,日產(chǎn)iPhone高達(dá)50萬(wàn)部,有力推動(dòng)了中國(guó)中部地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。
目前美國(guó)市場(chǎng)銷售的iPhone中,約80%產(chǎn)自中國(guó)。不過(guò)有報(bào)道稱,蘋果正將部分供應(yīng)鏈轉(zhuǎn)移至印度,以規(guī)避關(guān)稅——涉及價(jià)值4.33億美元的芯片交易。據(jù)路透社消息,今年3月,這家總部位于硅谷的科技公司通過(guò)印度工廠出貨了價(jià)值20億美元的iPhone,創(chuàng)下印度信息技術(shù)企業(yè)塔塔集團(tuán)(Tata)與富士康的紀(jì)錄。
半島電視臺(tái)(Al Jazeera)4月報(bào)道稱,蘋果曾計(jì)劃在2026年底前,將美國(guó)市場(chǎng)所售多數(shù)iPhone的組裝業(yè)務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移至美國(guó)本土。
如今庫(kù)克正押注本屆美國(guó)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的美國(guó)制造業(yè)復(fù)興,還特別提及唐納德·特朗普“推動(dòng)更多制造業(yè)回流”的目標(biāo)。
談及投資者對(duì)建廠計(jì)劃的態(tài)度時(shí),庫(kù)克表示:“我認(rèn)為多數(shù)人看到這項(xiàng)投資都會(huì)說(shuō),‘你們?cè)诿绹?guó)投資,這太棒了。’”
蘋果對(duì)亞洲的依賴
盡管蘋果承諾擴(kuò)建美國(guó)工廠,但I(xiàn)nfo-Tech Research Group的顧問(wèn)研究員斯科特·比克利(Scott Bickley)向《財(cái)富》雜志表示,受海外供應(yīng)商高度集中、勞動(dòng)力規(guī)模差異以及美國(guó)工人成本遠(yuǎn)高于海外勞動(dòng)力等因素影響,這家科技巨頭的制造中心仍將留在亞洲。
“在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的未來(lái),這些因素都將支撐亞洲繼續(xù)成為iPhone制造的核心區(qū)域。”比克利表示。
金融服務(wù)公司Gabelli Funds的投資組合經(jīng)理約翰·貝爾頓(John Belton)向《財(cái)富》透露,蘋果6000億美元投資中的大部分,早已納入公司長(zhǎng)期財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃。
“重構(gòu)復(fù)雜供應(yīng)鏈需要時(shí)間。”貝爾頓表示。
他補(bǔ)充稱,蘋果只會(huì)將蓋板玻璃、部分芯片等特定零部件的生產(chǎn)遷回美國(guó),而iPhone的最終組裝工作仍將留在中國(guó)(印度會(huì)承接少量組裝工作)。
“就蘋果的全球業(yè)務(wù)而言,這應(yīng)被視為漸進(jìn)式調(diào)整,而非革命性變革。”貝爾頓說(shuō)。
至于工廠建成后為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)帶來(lái)更多制造業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),近期報(bào)告揭示了美國(guó)制造業(yè)革新面臨的顯著障礙:技術(shù)工人嚴(yán)重短缺。美國(guó)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示,目前約有40萬(wàn)制造業(yè)崗位處于空缺狀態(tài)。
“如何組織大規(guī)模勞動(dòng)力將零部件組裝成成品iPhone,這仍是個(gè)難題。”Kandji(為企業(yè)提供蘋果設(shè)備管理與安全保障的軟件平臺(tái))資深解決方案工程師威爾登·多德(Weldon Dodd)向《財(cái)富》雜志表示,“很難想象,富士康在美國(guó)何處能找到擁有30萬(wàn)甚至更多可用勞動(dòng)力的市場(chǎng)。”
不過(guò),人工智能電商平臺(tái)Sotira首席執(zhí)行官阿姆麗塔·巴辛(Amrita Bhasin)向《財(cái)富》表示,若蘋果能成功推進(jìn)建廠計(jì)劃,“將迫使美國(guó)其他科技或硬件企業(yè)投資'美國(guó)制造'模式”。
Laffer Tengler Investments高級(jí)證券分析師杰米·邁耶斯(Jamie Meyers)則指出,考慮到美國(guó)制造業(yè)勞動(dòng)力短缺,以及蘋果復(fù)雜的全球供應(yīng)鏈(蘋果從40多個(gè)國(guó)家的供應(yīng)商處采購(gòu)零部件和材料),要在美國(guó)本土復(fù)制這套體系“根本不可能”。但他也承認(rèn),蘋果的建廠計(jì)劃仍會(huì)創(chuàng)造新的制造業(yè)崗位。
“美國(guó)人是否愿意從事這些工作,則是另外一碼事。”邁耶斯說(shuō)。
他還表示,倘若蘋果建廠計(jì)劃確實(shí)能帶來(lái)更多行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),本質(zhì)上也是對(duì)特朗普政府“推動(dòng)本土制造業(yè)發(fā)展”政策的呼應(yīng)。
“蘋果進(jìn)軍美國(guó)制造業(yè)早有規(guī)劃,如今之所以被大肆宣傳,正是源于本屆政府對(duì)本土制造業(yè)的立場(chǎng),”邁耶斯表示,“我們認(rèn)為,引發(fā)多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)的并非蘋果,而是對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外政策的回應(yīng)。”
蘋果公司未立即回應(yīng)《財(cái)富》雜志的置評(píng)請(qǐng)求。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:中慧言-王芳
今年美國(guó)制造業(yè)崗位減少了3.3萬(wàn)個(gè),但蒂姆·庫(kù)克堅(jiān)信自己已找到破局之策。
這位蘋果首席執(zhí)行官表示,公司近期宣布的6000億美元美國(guó)建廠投資計(jì)劃將引發(fā)“多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)”,推動(dòng)美國(guó)本土制造業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。
“我們難以做到覆蓋所有地區(qū)。盡管內(nèi)心十分渴望達(dá)成這一目標(biāo),但未來(lái)四年我們會(huì)投入6000億美元來(lái)推進(jìn)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃,”庫(kù)克周一接受美國(guó)消費(fèi)者新聞與商業(yè)頻道(CNBC)主持人吉姆·克萊默(Jim Cramer)的電視采訪時(shí)表示,“這是一項(xiàng)非同尋常的承諾。”
庫(kù)克暗示,蘋果未來(lái)四年在美國(guó)建造79家工廠的“非同尋常的承諾”,將吸引更多企業(yè)入駐工廠所在社區(qū)。
“這就是連鎖效應(yīng),”庫(kù)克表示,“會(huì)有更多企業(yè)跟進(jìn),這本質(zhì)上就是多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)。”
自2007年iPhone問(wèn)世以來(lái),蘋果一直在美國(guó)境外生產(chǎn)該產(chǎn)品,其中絕大多數(shù)組裝工作在中國(guó)富士康(Foxconn)的大型工廠完成。這家中國(guó)臺(tái)灣跨國(guó)電子代工廠僅在位于鄭州的工廠就雇傭了約35萬(wàn)名工人,日產(chǎn)iPhone高達(dá)50萬(wàn)部,有力推動(dòng)了中國(guó)中部地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。
目前美國(guó)市場(chǎng)銷售的iPhone中,約80%產(chǎn)自中國(guó)。不過(guò)有報(bào)道稱,蘋果正將部分供應(yīng)鏈轉(zhuǎn)移至印度,以規(guī)避關(guān)稅——涉及價(jià)值4.33億美元的芯片交易。據(jù)路透社消息,今年3月,這家總部位于硅谷的科技公司通過(guò)印度工廠出貨了價(jià)值20億美元的iPhone,創(chuàng)下印度信息技術(shù)企業(yè)塔塔集團(tuán)(Tata)與富士康的紀(jì)錄。
半島電視臺(tái)(Al Jazeera)4月報(bào)道稱,蘋果曾計(jì)劃在2026年底前,將美國(guó)市場(chǎng)所售多數(shù)iPhone的組裝業(yè)務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移至美國(guó)本土。
如今庫(kù)克正押注本屆美國(guó)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的美國(guó)制造業(yè)復(fù)興,還特別提及唐納德·特朗普“推動(dòng)更多制造業(yè)回流”的目標(biāo)。
談及投資者對(duì)建廠計(jì)劃的態(tài)度時(shí),庫(kù)克表示:“我認(rèn)為多數(shù)人看到這項(xiàng)投資都會(huì)說(shuō),‘你們?cè)诿绹?guó)投資,這太棒了。’”
蘋果對(duì)亞洲的依賴
盡管蘋果承諾擴(kuò)建美國(guó)工廠,但I(xiàn)nfo-Tech Research Group的顧問(wèn)研究員斯科特·比克利(Scott Bickley)向《財(cái)富》雜志表示,受海外供應(yīng)商高度集中、勞動(dòng)力規(guī)模差異以及美國(guó)工人成本遠(yuǎn)高于海外勞動(dòng)力等因素影響,這家科技巨頭的制造中心仍將留在亞洲。
“在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的未來(lái),這些因素都將支撐亞洲繼續(xù)成為iPhone制造的核心區(qū)域。”比克利表示。
金融服務(wù)公司Gabelli Funds的投資組合經(jīng)理約翰·貝爾頓(John Belton)向《財(cái)富》透露,蘋果6000億美元投資中的大部分,早已納入公司長(zhǎng)期財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃。
“重構(gòu)復(fù)雜供應(yīng)鏈需要時(shí)間。”貝爾頓表示。
他補(bǔ)充稱,蘋果只會(huì)將蓋板玻璃、部分芯片等特定零部件的生產(chǎn)遷回美國(guó),而iPhone的最終組裝工作仍將留在中國(guó)(印度會(huì)承接少量組裝工作)。
“就蘋果的全球業(yè)務(wù)而言,這應(yīng)被視為漸進(jìn)式調(diào)整,而非革命性變革。”貝爾頓說(shuō)。
至于工廠建成后為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)帶來(lái)更多制造業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),近期報(bào)告揭示了美國(guó)制造業(yè)革新面臨的顯著障礙:技術(shù)工人嚴(yán)重短缺。美國(guó)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示,目前約有40萬(wàn)制造業(yè)崗位處于空缺狀態(tài)。
“如何組織大規(guī)模勞動(dòng)力將零部件組裝成成品iPhone,這仍是個(gè)難題。”Kandji(為企業(yè)提供蘋果設(shè)備管理與安全保障的軟件平臺(tái))資深解決方案工程師威爾登·多德(Weldon Dodd)向《財(cái)富》雜志表示,“很難想象,富士康在美國(guó)何處能找到擁有30萬(wàn)甚至更多可用勞動(dòng)力的市場(chǎng)。”
不過(guò),人工智能電商平臺(tái)Sotira首席執(zhí)行官阿姆麗塔·巴辛(Amrita Bhasin)向《財(cái)富》表示,若蘋果能成功推進(jìn)建廠計(jì)劃,“將迫使美國(guó)其他科技或硬件企業(yè)投資'美國(guó)制造'模式”。
Laffer Tengler Investments高級(jí)證券分析師杰米·邁耶斯(Jamie Meyers)則指出,考慮到美國(guó)制造業(yè)勞動(dòng)力短缺,以及蘋果復(fù)雜的全球供應(yīng)鏈(蘋果從40多個(gè)國(guó)家的供應(yīng)商處采購(gòu)零部件和材料),要在美國(guó)本土復(fù)制這套體系“根本不可能”。但他也承認(rèn),蘋果的建廠計(jì)劃仍會(huì)創(chuàng)造新的制造業(yè)崗位。
“美國(guó)人是否愿意從事這些工作,則是另外一碼事。”邁耶斯說(shuō)。
他還表示,倘若蘋果建廠計(jì)劃確實(shí)能帶來(lái)更多行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),本質(zhì)上也是對(duì)特朗普政府“推動(dòng)本土制造業(yè)發(fā)展”政策的呼應(yīng)。
“蘋果進(jìn)軍美國(guó)制造業(yè)早有規(guī)劃,如今之所以被大肆宣傳,正是源于本屆政府對(duì)本土制造業(yè)的立場(chǎng),”邁耶斯表示,“我們認(rèn)為,引發(fā)多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)的并非蘋果,而是對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外政策的回應(yīng)。”
蘋果公司未立即回應(yīng)《財(cái)富》雜志的置評(píng)請(qǐng)求。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:中慧言-王芳
The U.S. has shed 33,000 manufacturing jobs this year—but Tim Cook believes he has a solution.
The Apple CEO said his company’s recent $600 billion investment to build factories across the U.S. will create a “domino effect,” boosting manufacturing in the country.
“We can’t be everywhere. I wish we could, but we are putting $600 billion to work in the next four years,” Cook told CNBC’s Jim Cramer during a TV interview on Monday. “And so it is an extraordinary commitment.”
Cook suggested Apple’s “extraordinary commitment” over the next four years to build 79 factories in the states could bring more businesses to the communities they are built in.
“That’s the ripple effect,” Cook said. “There will be more companies coming. It’s a domino effect kind of thing.”
Apple has manufactured iPhones outside the U.S. since the product’s inception in 2007, with the vast majority of assembly taking place in China at massive Foxconn facilities. Foxconn, a Taiwanese multinational electronics contract manufacturer, has a Zhengzhou plant that alone employs roughly 350,000 workers, produces up to 500,000 iPhones a day, and helps drive large-scale economic growth in central China.
Apple produces about 80% of the iPhones purchased in the U.S. in China, but has reportedly been shifting supply chains to India to avoid tariffs to the tune of a $433 million chip deal. The Silicon Valley-based tech company shipped $2 billion worth of iPhones in March, a record for both IT company Tata and Foxconn, according to Reuters.
Apple had plans to shift assembly of most of the iPhones it sells to the U.S. by the end of 2026, Al Jazeera reported in April.
Now, Cook is betting big on U.S. manufacturing under the current administration, noting President Donald Trump’s objective to get “more and more manufacturing” domestically.
“I think most people look at [the investment] and say, ‘It’s great that you’re investing in America,’” Cook said of investor sentiment to the planned factory build out.
Apple’s Asia dependence
Despite Apple’s pledge to build out factories, Scott Bickley, an advisory fellow at Info-Tech Research Group, told Fortune the tech giant’s manufacturing hub will remain in Asia, because of factors like the overseas supplier concentration, workforce scale, and how expensive U.S. workers are compared to offshore labor.
“[These factors] all favor Asia remaining the core of iPhone manufacturing for the foreseeable future,” Bickley said.
John Belton, portfolio manager at financial services firm Gabelli Funds, told Fortune most of Apple’s $600 billion investment was already reflected in the company’s long-range financial planning.
“Re-architecting a complex supply chain takes time,” Belton said.
Manufacturing of certain components like cover glass and some chips will be reshored, rather than final assembly of the phones, which will remain in China—and to a lesser extent India, Belton added.
“This should all be viewed as more evolutionary than revolutionary for Apple’s global operations,” Belton said.
As for the point of bringing more manufacturing competition to local communities once these factories are built, recent reports have uncovered a clear obstacle for an industry revamp: There just aren’t enough skilled workers anymore. About 400,000 manufacturing jobs are currently unfilled, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
“There is still the problem of organizing the massive labor force required to assemble all those components into the finished iPhone,” Weldon Dodd, distinguished solutions engineer at Kandji, a software platform for managing and securing Apple devices for companies, told Fortune. “It’s difficult to imagine where in the U.S. Foxconn could find a market with 300,000 or more workers available to hire.”
Though, Amrita Bhasin, CEO of Sotira, an AI-powered e-commerce platform, told Fortune if Apple manages to pull off its build out, “it will put pressure on other tech or hardware companies in the U.S. to invest in the ‘made in America’ model.”
Jamie Meyers, senior securities analyst at Laffer Tengler Investments, told Fortune considering the manufacturing labor shortage and a complex global supply chain (Apple sources parts and materials from suppliers in over 40 countries), it would be impossible to replicate this domestically. However, the move will open up new manufacturing jobs.
“Whether Americans want those jobs is another question,” Meyers said.
And, if more competition comes from the factory build out, it will reflect the Trump administration’s push for domestic manufacturing, he said.
“Apple’s move into the United States was already planned and is now being touted because of the administration’s stance toward domestic manufacturing,” Meyers said. “We don’t think it’s Apple that will cause a domino effect, rather it is a response to domestic and international policies.”
Apple didn’t immediately respond to Fortune‘s request for comment.