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          托育成本日益高企,迫使家庭做出“令人心碎的選擇”

          Jason Ma
          2026-03-10

          為覆蓋持續(xù)攀升的運(yùn)營成本,絕大多數(shù)的托育機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)上調(diào)學(xué)費(fèi)。

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          圖片來源:Getty Images

          這場席卷美國消費(fèi)者的可負(fù)擔(dān)性危機(jī),同樣蔓延至托育行業(yè),進(jìn)一步加重了家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。

          美國國家幼兒教育協(xié)會(NAEYC)今年2月發(fā)布的調(diào)查顯示,這些托育機(jī)構(gòu)面臨的成本壓力與眾多美國家庭承受的“價格沖擊”如出一轍。

          例如,2025年,68%的機(jī)構(gòu)表示責(zé)任險費(fèi)用上漲,而2024年這一比例為46%;66%的托育機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)財產(chǎn)險費(fèi)用上漲,而前一年這一比例為45%。與眾多租戶相似,44%的托育機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)房租或租賃成本上漲,而此前這一比例為32%。與此同時,托育機(jī)構(gòu)還面臨著更大的薪資上漲壓力,食品、用品及設(shè)施維護(hù)成本也持續(xù)攀升,而公共資金支持卻在不斷縮減。

          報告稱:“當(dāng)這些成本上升,而公共資金卻沒有同步增加以填補(bǔ)缺口時,托育機(jī)構(gòu)便陷入兩難境地。機(jī)構(gòu)要么自行承擔(dān)成本(鑒于運(yùn)營利潤本就微薄,可能會危及自身經(jīng)營的穩(wěn)定性),要么將以提高學(xué)費(fèi)的方式將成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給家庭,但如果家庭無力承擔(dān)托育費(fèi)用,又會導(dǎo)致入托率下降。”

          絕大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)選擇上調(diào)學(xué)費(fèi)以覆蓋不斷上漲的開支,65%的托育中心、51%的公立學(xué)校托育項目提高學(xué)費(fèi),而在家庭式托育機(jī)構(gòu)中,僅有31%上調(diào)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

          但家庭在住房成本、保險費(fèi)率、食品和電費(fèi)等生活必需品方面也面臨著同樣的漲幅。過去一周,美國對伊朗的軍事行動更導(dǎo)致汽油價格飆升。總得有所取舍,這意味著父母必須在某個方面做出令人揪心的犧牲。

          紐約一家家庭式托育中心的負(fù)責(zé)人兼運(yùn)營者在調(diào)查中表示:“作為托育服務(wù)提供者,我親眼目睹高昂的托育成本如何迫使家庭做出令人心碎的抉擇。我聽很多家長說,他們希望孩子能夠得到安全、有正規(guī)資質(zhì)的托育機(jī)構(gòu)的服務(wù),但根本負(fù)擔(dān)不起。與此同時,像我們這樣的托育機(jī)構(gòu),正在竭盡全力維持運(yùn)營,我們靠著極微薄的利潤勉強(qiáng)支撐,獨(dú)自承擔(dān)不斷上漲的成本,努力為那些迫切需要我們的家庭提供服務(wù)。”

          數(shù)據(jù)來源:美國國家幼兒教育協(xié)會

          托育機(jī)構(gòu)同樣面臨艱難抉擇。印第安納州家庭式托育項目負(fù)責(zé)人向美國國家幼兒教育協(xié)會表示,為了填補(bǔ)家長無力支付的自付部分,他們有時甚至無償工作。

          由于家長的經(jīng)濟(jì)承受能力已經(jīng)逼近極限,托育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)費(fèi)上調(diào)空間十分有限,一旦漲幅超出家庭承受范圍,生源就會銳減,進(jìn)而直接影響其招聘和留住員工的能力。

          調(diào)查顯示,超過半數(shù)的托育項目負(fù)責(zé)人稱,其所在機(jī)構(gòu)要么無力承擔(dān)聘用合格員工所需的薪酬,要么面臨合格員工數(shù)量不足的困境,而這些員工同樣承受著壓力。

          加州一名幼兒教育工作者告訴美國國家幼兒教育協(xié)會:“行業(yè)的不確定性和不穩(wěn)定性,讓我很難全身心投入工作。經(jīng)濟(jì)上,我整天擔(dān)心著房租和生活必需品開銷,這讓我白天無法集中精力。工作中,對項目縮減或工時減少的恐懼讓我始終擔(dān)憂工作的穩(wěn)定性,這種職業(yè)倦怠感讓我難以像自己期望的那樣全身心投入與孩子們的互動。”

          已經(jīng)有研究表明,資金不足的托育服務(wù)——尤其是在推進(jìn)普惠性學(xué)前托育覆蓋的過程中——長期來看反而會給兒童成長帶來不利影響。

          與此同時,托育服務(wù)正在逐漸超出許多家庭的承受范圍。LendingTree今年1月發(fā)布的獨(dú)立研究發(fā)現(xiàn),美國普通家庭收入遠(yuǎn)不足以輕松負(fù)擔(dān)托育費(fèi)用。

          根據(jù)聯(lián)邦指南,若托育費(fèi)用不超過家庭收入的7%,則視為可負(fù)擔(dān)。LendingTree援引美國兒童保育意識組織(Child Care Aware of America)的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),在全美范圍內(nèi),同時撫養(yǎng)一名嬰兒和一名4歲兒童的年均托育費(fèi)用為28190美元。

          按照7%的可負(fù)擔(dān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測算,家庭年收入需要達(dá)到402708美元,才能負(fù)擔(dān)這筆托育開支。但美國二孩家庭的平均年收入僅為145656美元,這意味著普通家庭的收入需要上漲176.5%,才能達(dá)到可負(fù)擔(dān)門檻。

          LendingTree的首席消費(fèi)者金融分析師馬特·舒爾茨說:“看到這樣的數(shù)據(jù),就不難理解美國的出生率為何持續(xù)走低。許多美國人表示,養(yǎng)育子女在經(jīng)濟(jì)上并不劃算。要改變美國的托育成本現(xiàn)狀,需要政商領(lǐng)袖共同發(fā)力,但這種轉(zhuǎn)變短期內(nèi)難以實現(xiàn)。”(財富中文網(wǎng))

          譯者:中慧言-王芳

          這場席卷美國消費(fèi)者的可負(fù)擔(dān)性危機(jī),同樣蔓延至托育行業(yè),進(jìn)一步加重了家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。

          美國國家幼兒教育協(xié)會(NAEYC)今年2月發(fā)布的調(diào)查顯示,這些托育機(jī)構(gòu)面臨的成本壓力與眾多美國家庭承受的“價格沖擊”如出一轍。

          例如,2025年,68%的機(jī)構(gòu)表示責(zé)任險費(fèi)用上漲,而2024年這一比例為46%;66%的托育機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)財產(chǎn)險費(fèi)用上漲,而前一年這一比例為45%。與眾多租戶相似,44%的托育機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)房租或租賃成本上漲,而此前這一比例為32%。與此同時,托育機(jī)構(gòu)還面臨著更大的薪資上漲壓力,食品、用品及設(shè)施維護(hù)成本也持續(xù)攀升,而公共資金支持卻在不斷縮減。

          報告稱:“當(dāng)這些成本上升,而公共資金卻沒有同步增加以填補(bǔ)缺口時,托育機(jī)構(gòu)便陷入兩難境地。機(jī)構(gòu)要么自行承擔(dān)成本(鑒于運(yùn)營利潤本就微薄,可能會危及自身經(jīng)營的穩(wěn)定性),要么將以提高學(xué)費(fèi)的方式將成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給家庭,但如果家庭無力承擔(dān)托育費(fèi)用,又會導(dǎo)致入托率下降。”

          絕大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)選擇上調(diào)學(xué)費(fèi)以覆蓋不斷上漲的開支,65%的托育中心、51%的公立學(xué)校托育項目提高學(xué)費(fèi),而在家庭式托育機(jī)構(gòu)中,僅有31%上調(diào)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

          但家庭在住房成本、保險費(fèi)率、食品和電費(fèi)等生活必需品方面也面臨著同樣的漲幅。過去一周,美國對伊朗的軍事行動更導(dǎo)致汽油價格飆升。總得有所取舍,這意味著父母必須在某個方面做出令人揪心的犧牲。

          紐約一家家庭式托育中心的負(fù)責(zé)人兼運(yùn)營者在調(diào)查中表示:“作為托育服務(wù)提供者,我親眼目睹高昂的托育成本如何迫使家庭做出令人心碎的抉擇。我聽很多家長說,他們希望孩子能夠得到安全、有正規(guī)資質(zhì)的托育機(jī)構(gòu)的服務(wù),但根本負(fù)擔(dān)不起。與此同時,像我們這樣的托育機(jī)構(gòu),正在竭盡全力維持運(yùn)營,我們靠著極微薄的利潤勉強(qiáng)支撐,獨(dú)自承擔(dān)不斷上漲的成本,努力為那些迫切需要我們的家庭提供服務(wù)。”

          托育機(jī)構(gòu)同樣面臨艱難抉擇。印第安納州家庭式托育項目負(fù)責(zé)人向美國國家幼兒教育協(xié)會表示,為了填補(bǔ)家長無力支付的自付部分,他們有時甚至無償工作。

          由于家長的經(jīng)濟(jì)承受能力已經(jīng)逼近極限,托育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)費(fèi)上調(diào)空間十分有限,一旦漲幅超出家庭承受范圍,生源就會銳減,進(jìn)而直接影響其招聘和留住員工的能力。

          調(diào)查顯示,超過半數(shù)的托育項目負(fù)責(zé)人稱,其所在機(jī)構(gòu)要么無力承擔(dān)聘用合格員工所需的薪酬,要么面臨合格員工數(shù)量不足的困境,而這些員工同樣承受著壓力。

          加州一名幼兒教育工作者告訴美國國家幼兒教育協(xié)會:“行業(yè)的不確定性和不穩(wěn)定性,讓我很難全身心投入工作。經(jīng)濟(jì)上,我整天擔(dān)心著房租和生活必需品開銷,這讓我白天無法集中精力。工作中,對項目縮減或工時減少的恐懼讓我始終擔(dān)憂工作的穩(wěn)定性,這種職業(yè)倦怠感讓我難以像自己期望的那樣全身心投入與孩子們的互動。”

          已經(jīng)有研究表明,資金不足的托育服務(wù)——尤其是在推進(jìn)普惠性學(xué)前托育覆蓋的過程中——長期來看反而會給兒童成長帶來不利影響。

          與此同時,托育服務(wù)正在逐漸超出許多家庭的承受范圍。LendingTree今年1月發(fā)布的獨(dú)立研究發(fā)現(xiàn),美國普通家庭收入遠(yuǎn)不足以輕松負(fù)擔(dān)托育費(fèi)用。

          根據(jù)聯(lián)邦指南,若托育費(fèi)用不超過家庭收入的7%,則視為可負(fù)擔(dān)。LendingTree援引美國兒童保育意識組織(Child Care Aware of America)的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),在全美范圍內(nèi),同時撫養(yǎng)一名嬰兒和一名4歲兒童的年均托育費(fèi)用為28190美元。

          按照7%的可負(fù)擔(dān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測算,家庭年收入需要達(dá)到402708美元,才能負(fù)擔(dān)這筆托育開支。但美國二孩家庭的平均年收入僅為145656美元,這意味著普通家庭的收入需要上漲176.5%,才能達(dá)到可負(fù)擔(dān)門檻。

          LendingTree的首席消費(fèi)者金融分析師馬特·舒爾茨說:“看到這樣的數(shù)據(jù),就不難理解美國的出生率為何持續(xù)走低。許多美國人表示,養(yǎng)育子女在經(jīng)濟(jì)上并不劃算。要改變美國的托育成本現(xiàn)狀,需要政商領(lǐng)袖共同發(fā)力,但這種轉(zhuǎn)變短期內(nèi)難以實現(xiàn)。”(財富中文網(wǎng))

          譯者:中慧言-王芳

          The affordability crisis hitting consumers has not spared childcare providers, further adding to the financial burden on families.

          According to a survey last month from the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), the cost pressures are similar to what’s giving sticker shock to many Americans.

          For example, 68% saw liability insurance costs increase in 2025, up from 46% in 2024, and 66% saw property insurance hikes versus 45% a year earlier. And like many renters, 44% of childcare providers saw rent or lease costs rise, up from 32%. They are also facing more wage pressure as well as higher expenses for food, supplies, and facility maintenance—all while public funding is down.

          “When these costs rise without a simultaneous increase in public funding to fill the gap, programs are faced with difficult decisions,” the report said. “They can either take on the costs themselves, risking their business stability given already low operating margins, or pass them on to families in the form of higher tuition jeopardizing enrollment if families can no longer afford care.”

          A majority of programs have raised tuition to cover the growing expenses, with 65% of childcare centers and 51% of public school-based programs reporting increases. Meanwhile, just 31% of home-based childcare providers hiked tuition.

          But families are also experiencing similar increases in essentials, like housing costs, insurance rates, food, and electricity. The U.S. war on Iran has also sent gasoline prices soaring over the past week. Something has got to give, meaning parents must make a stomach-churning sacrifice somewhere.

          “As a child care provider, I see firsthand how unaffordable childcare is forcing families into heartbreaking choices. I hear parents tell me they want safe, licensed care but simply cannot afford it,” the owner/operator of a home-based center in New York said in the survey. “At the same time, providers like me are doing everything we can to keep our doors open while operating on razor-thin margins, absorbing rising costs, and trying to serve families who desperately need us.”

          Care providers make difficult choices too. One owner of a home-based program in Indiana told NAEYC that they sometimes work for free to cover copays that parents can’t afford.

          Facing financial limits among parents, childcare centers are limited themselves in how much they can hike tuition before wiping out demand. That affects their ability to recruit and retain employees.

          According to the survey, more than half of program leaders either can’t afford the compensation needed for qualified staff or currently don’t have enough qualified staff, who are also feeling the strain.

          “The uncertainty and instability have made it harder to focus fully on my work. Financially, I’m constantly worried about making rent and affording groceries, which distracts me during the day,” an early childhood educator in California told NAEYC. “At work, the fear of program cuts or reduced hours means I’m always stressed about job security, and this burnout makes it harder to engage with the children as fully as I want to.”

          Research has shown that underfunded childcare, especially as part of efforts to offer universal coverage in the early years, can actually harm children over time.

          Meanwhile, childcare is already sliding out of reach for many. A separate LendingTree study in January found that the average American family doesn’t come close to having enough income to comfortably afford childcare.

          Federal guidelines say that childcare is affordable if it consumes no more than 7% of household income. Citing data from Child Care Aware of America, LendingTree found that the average annual cost of care for an infant and a 4-year-old is $28,190 nationwide.

          That would require household income of $402,708 a year to meet the 7% benchmark. But the average two-child household earns an average of $145,656, meaning the typical family would need a 176.5% pay hike to reach the affordability threshold.

          “With numbers like these, it’s easy to see why birth rates are falling. Many Americans are saying that having kids doesn’t make financial sense,” said Matt Schulz, LendingTree’s chief consumer finance analyst. “It’s going to require concerted effort on the part of our political and business leaders to change the state of childcare costs here in our country, but that change isn’t coming anytime soon.”

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