
在美國已實(shí)現(xiàn)體育博彩合法化的州,信用違約率呈上升趨勢,其中受影響最嚴(yán)重的是Z世代和千禧一代。
紐約聯(lián)邦儲備銀行(Federal Reserve Bank of New York)發(fā)布的一份最新工作論文顯示,自美國體育博彩合法化以來,全美總?cè)丝诘倪`約率上升了0.3%。盡管這一數(shù)字看似微不足道,但紐約聯(lián)儲在僅針對參與體育博彩的人群進(jìn)行分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),違約率上升幅度達(dá)到10%。
該研究基于消費(fèi)者信貸數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,并將違約定義為任何信貸付款逾期90天以上,包括汽車貸款和房貸。
研究作者寫道:“我們的研究結(jié)果表明,體育博彩可能對家庭財(cái)務(wù)穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生顯著影響?!?/p>
2018年,美國最高法院裁定推翻《職業(yè)與業(yè)余體育保護(hù)法案》(Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act),結(jié)束了此前對體育博彩的全面限制,也為40個州以某種形式實(shí)現(xiàn)體育博彩合法化鋪平道路。此后,體育博彩,尤其是線上體育博彩的參與度呈爆發(fā)式增長。根據(jù)美國博彩協(xié)會(American Gaming Association)的數(shù)據(jù),2025年商業(yè)博彩收入創(chuàng)下787億美元的歷史新高,同比增長9.2%。研究還顯示,自合法化以來,美國人體育博彩累計(jì)投注金額已超過5,200億美元;2025年單季度存款額已升至1,250美元,而五年前僅為500美元。
千禧一代和Z世代更容易因?yàn)閰⑴c體育博彩而遭受負(fù)面財(cái)務(wù)影響。2025年錫耶納學(xué)院研究所(Siena College Research Institute)的調(diào)查顯示,22%的美國人至少擁有一個在線博彩賬戶,而在18至49歲男性群體中,這一比例接近一半。紐約聯(lián)儲基于“粗略估算”的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),40歲以下人群在信用違約人群中占比最高,在體育博彩合法化后升至26%。
體育博彩引發(fā)的廣泛財(cái)務(wù)影響
紐約聯(lián)儲的這份報(bào)告進(jìn)一步印證了一系列研究結(jié)論,證明體育博彩正在對個人財(cái)務(wù)狀況產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。美國國家經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research)2024年發(fā)布的一篇工作論文顯示,在在線體育博彩合法的州,家庭年均博彩支出增加1,100美元,同時股票投資等凈投資下降14%。
2025年的一項(xiàng)研究對加州大學(xué)消費(fèi)者信貸面板數(shù)據(jù)(University of California Consumer Credit Panel)進(jìn)行了分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在在線體育博彩已合法化的州,平均信用評分下降約2.7分,個人破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升10%。
該研究的合著者、哈佛商學(xué)院數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)研究所(Digital Data Design Institute)博士后研究員波特·拉爾森對《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“違約率和信用評分等一系列指標(biāo)的變化趨勢表明,體育博彩似乎正在對消費(fèi)者造成一定程度的損害?!?/p>
拉爾森認(rèn)為,體育博彩迅速普及。他指出,年輕人是在線體育博彩的主要營銷對象,但相比年長群體,他們積累的財(cái)富更少,因此面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能更高。
這種財(cái)務(wù)影響甚至蔓延到體育博彩未合法化的州。紐約聯(lián)儲的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了明顯的空間溢出效應(yīng):即使在體育博彩尚未合法的州,只要與合法州接壤,違約率同樣出現(xiàn)上升。由于人們會跨州使用合法州的在線體育博彩平臺,這些鄰近州的溢出性違約率增幅約為0.2個百分點(diǎn)(相比基準(zhǔn)的0.3個百分點(diǎn))。
合法體育博彩的未來前景
除了溢出效應(yīng)外,即便是在尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)體育博彩合法化的州,也可能出現(xiàn)類似的財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升趨勢。Kalshi等預(yù)測市場的興起,實(shí)際上已經(jīng)催生出一個全國性的體育博彩市場。預(yù)測市場在美國是合法的,并由商品期貨交易委員會(Commodity Futures Trading Commission ,CFTC)作為“指定合約市場”進(jìn)行監(jiān)管。
Citizens JMP本月發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告顯示,在用戶使用預(yù)測市場平臺的前三個月,其虧損占投注金額的比例,甚至高于在DraftKings或FanDuel等在線體育博彩平臺上的虧損比例。
不過,預(yù)測市場在美國仍處于早期階段。益普索(Ipsos)本月對2,300多名成年人進(jìn)行的調(diào)查顯示,過去六個月中,僅有3%的美國人使用過相關(guān)平臺;在18至24歲男性中,這一比例為8%。拉爾森指出,這類新興平臺對財(cái)務(wù)狀況的影響,仍將取決于其未來的普及程度。
拉爾森表示:“當(dāng)參與體育博彩的人數(shù)足夠龐大時,其帶來的財(cái)務(wù)損害就會逐漸顯現(xiàn)。至于預(yù)測市場……如果規(guī)模仍然較小,可能也會帶來一些財(cái)務(wù)損害,但或許很難被察覺?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
在美國已實(shí)現(xiàn)體育博彩合法化的州,信用違約率呈上升趨勢,其中受影響最嚴(yán)重的是Z世代和千禧一代。
紐約聯(lián)邦儲備銀行(Federal Reserve Bank of New York)發(fā)布的一份最新工作論文顯示,自美國體育博彩合法化以來,全美總?cè)丝诘倪`約率上升了0.3%。盡管這一數(shù)字看似微不足道,但紐約聯(lián)儲在僅針對參與體育博彩的人群進(jìn)行分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),違約率上升幅度達(dá)到10%。
該研究基于消費(fèi)者信貸數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,并將違約定義為任何信貸付款逾期90天以上,包括汽車貸款和房貸。
研究作者寫道:“我們的研究結(jié)果表明,體育博彩可能對家庭財(cái)務(wù)穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生顯著影響?!?/p>
2018年,美國最高法院裁定推翻《職業(yè)與業(yè)余體育保護(hù)法案》(Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act),結(jié)束了此前對體育博彩的全面限制,也為40個州以某種形式實(shí)現(xiàn)體育博彩合法化鋪平道路。此后,體育博彩,尤其是線上體育博彩的參與度呈爆發(fā)式增長。根據(jù)美國博彩協(xié)會(American Gaming Association)的數(shù)據(jù),2025年商業(yè)博彩收入創(chuàng)下787億美元的歷史新高,同比增長9.2%。研究還顯示,自合法化以來,美國人體育博彩累計(jì)投注金額已超過5,200億美元;2025年單季度存款額已升至1,250美元,而五年前僅為500美元。
千禧一代和Z世代更容易因?yàn)閰⑴c體育博彩而遭受負(fù)面財(cái)務(wù)影響。2025年錫耶納學(xué)院研究所(Siena College Research Institute)的調(diào)查顯示,22%的美國人至少擁有一個在線博彩賬戶,而在18至49歲男性群體中,這一比例接近一半。紐約聯(lián)儲基于“粗略估算”的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),40歲以下人群在信用違約人群中占比最高,在體育博彩合法化后升至26%。
體育博彩引發(fā)的廣泛財(cái)務(wù)影響
紐約聯(lián)儲的這份報(bào)告進(jìn)一步印證了一系列研究結(jié)論,證明體育博彩正在對個人財(cái)務(wù)狀況產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。美國國家經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research)2024年發(fā)布的一篇工作論文顯示,在在線體育博彩合法的州,家庭年均博彩支出增加1,100美元,同時股票投資等凈投資下降14%。
2025年的一項(xiàng)研究對加州大學(xué)消費(fèi)者信貸面板數(shù)據(jù)(University of California Consumer Credit Panel)進(jìn)行了分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在在線體育博彩已合法化的州,平均信用評分下降約2.7分,個人破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升10%。
該研究的合著者、哈佛商學(xué)院數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)研究所(Digital Data Design Institute)博士后研究員波特·拉爾森對《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“違約率和信用評分等一系列指標(biāo)的變化趨勢表明,體育博彩似乎正在對消費(fèi)者造成一定程度的損害?!?/p>
拉爾森認(rèn)為,體育博彩迅速普及。他指出,年輕人是在線體育博彩的主要營銷對象,但相比年長群體,他們積累的財(cái)富更少,因此面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能更高。
這種財(cái)務(wù)影響甚至蔓延到體育博彩未合法化的州。紐約聯(lián)儲的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了明顯的空間溢出效應(yīng):即使在體育博彩尚未合法的州,只要與合法州接壤,違約率同樣出現(xiàn)上升。由于人們會跨州使用合法州的在線體育博彩平臺,這些鄰近州的溢出性違約率增幅約為0.2個百分點(diǎn)(相比基準(zhǔn)的0.3個百分點(diǎn))。
合法體育博彩的未來前景
除了溢出效應(yīng)外,即便是在尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)體育博彩合法化的州,也可能出現(xiàn)類似的財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升趨勢。Kalshi等預(yù)測市場的興起,實(shí)際上已經(jīng)催生出一個全國性的體育博彩市場。預(yù)測市場在美國是合法的,并由商品期貨交易委員會(Commodity Futures Trading Commission ,CFTC)作為“指定合約市場”進(jìn)行監(jiān)管。
Citizens JMP本月發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告顯示,在用戶使用預(yù)測市場平臺的前三個月,其虧損占投注金額的比例,甚至高于在DraftKings或FanDuel等在線體育博彩平臺上的虧損比例。
不過,預(yù)測市場在美國仍處于早期階段。益普索(Ipsos)本月對2,300多名成年人進(jìn)行的調(diào)查顯示,過去六個月中,僅有3%的美國人使用過相關(guān)平臺;在18至24歲男性中,這一比例為8%。拉爾森指出,這類新興平臺對財(cái)務(wù)狀況的影響,仍將取決于其未來的普及程度。
拉爾森表示:“當(dāng)參與體育博彩的人數(shù)足夠龐大時,其帶來的財(cái)務(wù)損害就會逐漸顯現(xiàn)。至于預(yù)測市場……如果規(guī)模仍然較小,可能也會帶來一些財(cái)務(wù)損害,但或許很難被察覺?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
Credit delinquency rates are on the rise in states that have legalized sports betting, and it’s impacting Gen Z and millennials the most.
A new working paper from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York found after sports betting was legalized in the U.S., delinquencies among the total population increased 0.3%. While that figure may appear small, when the Fed researchers analyzed the population of just those who participated in sports betting, delinquency rates rose by 10%.
The New York Fed used an analysis of consumer credit data and defined delinquency rates as being 90 days past due on any credit purchase, such as auto loans or mortgage payments.
“Our findings suggest that sports betting can have dramatic implications for household financial stability,” the authors wrote.
In 2018, the Supreme Court struck down the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act effective banning sports betting, opening the door for 40 states to legalize the practice in some form. Since then, participation in sports betting, particularly online, has exploded. Commercial gaming revenue hit a record $78.7 Billion in 2025, according to the American Gaming Association, a 9.2% year-over-year increase. Americans have wagered more than $520 billion on sports since the practice was legalized, and quarterly deposits have risen to $1,250 in 2025, compared to $500 five years ago, the Fed researchers found.
Millennials and Gen Z are particularly vulnerable to negative financial consequences as a result of sports betting. While 22% of Americans have an account with at least one online sportsbook, according to a 2025 Siena College Research Institute Survey, nearly half of men ages 18 to 49 have an account. People under 40 made up the largest share of individuals with credit delinquency, which rose to 26% after legalization, the Fed study found using “back-of-the-napkin” math.
The widespread financial consequences of sports betting
The New York Fed report adds to a growing base of literature showing the financial harms associated with sports betting. A working paper published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in 2024 found household bests increased $1,100 per year in states with legal online sports betting, which was also associated with a 14% decrease in net investments, such as stocks.
A 2025 study analyzing University of California Consumer Credit Panel found average credit scores in states with legal online sports betting were slashed by about 2.7 points and increased the likelihood of bankruptcy by 10%.
“The various outcomes of delinquencies and credit scores [are] just kind of indicating that it seems to be leading to some harm among consumers,” Poet Larson, the study co-author and postdoctoral fellow at the Digital Data Design Institute at the Harvard Business School, told Fortune.
Larson speculates that sports betting has become so popular. Young people, to whom online sportsbooks are marketed toward and who have less accumulated weather than older generations, could be particularly at risk, he said.
These financial effects extend beyond states where sports betting is legal. The Fed study found significant spatial spillover effects, meaning delinquency rose in states where sports betting was illegal, but which bordered legal states. Spillover delinquency rose 0.2% compared to the 0.3% baseline, a result of individuals crossing borders in order to use online sports betting platforms in states where it is legal.
The future of legal sports betting
States that have not yet legalized sports betting may still see similar trends in financial insecurity for reasons beyond spillover effects. The rise in popularity of prediction markets, such as Kalshi—which are legal and regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) as “designated contract markets”—have effectively created a national sports betting market.
A Citizens JMP report published this month found that in users’ first three months on a prediction market platform, they lost more money proportionate to the amount wagered than on online sportsbooks like DraftKings or FanDuel.
Still, prediction markets are relatively untapped in the U.S., with just 3% of Americans and 8% of men ages 18 to 24 reporting using a platform in the past six months, according to a Ipsos survey of more than 2,3000 adults published this month. Larson suggested the impact of these emerging platforms on financial security with depend on how popular they become.
“Because you have so many people sports gambling, you can start to see appreciable financial harms,” Larson said. “For prediction markets…if it’s small, then we might see financial harm, but it may be kind of difficult to detect.”